In recent years, the resurgence of measles has once again spotlighted the critical role that vaccines play in safeguarding public health. Measles, a highly contagious viral disease, can lead to severe health complications and even death, particularly among vulnerable populations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000, thanks largely to widespread vaccination efforts. However, declining vaccination rates have led to outbreaks that threaten to reverse these hard-won gains. This underscores the importance of the MMR vaccine—not only as a safeguard against measles but also as a vital tool in maintaining community immunity.

Today’s Show is called “How Vaccines Safeguard against Vulnerability.”  We’re speaking with an immunization expert with more than 30 years’ experience.  We are speaking with Michelle Fiscus, MD FAAP, board-certified pediatrician and current Chief Medical Officer of the Association of Immunization Managers.

Understanding Measles and Its Impact

Measles is more than just a childhood illness. It poses significant health risks to individuals of all ages and can lead to complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), each year, measles leads to approximately 207,500 deaths globally, primarily among children under five years of age.

Transmission and Contagiousness

Measles is transmitted through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes. It is one of the most contagious diseases known, with a basic reproduction number (R₀) of between 12 and 18. This means that in an unvaccinated population, one person with measles can infect 12 to 18 others on average. The high contagion level necessitates a robust vaccination strategy to prevent outbreaks.

Symptoms and Complications

The symptoms of measles typically begin with high fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. A characteristic rash usually appears three to five days after the first signs of illness. Complications can include:

• Pneumonia: The most common cause of measles-related mortality in young children.
• Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain that can result in permanent neurological damage.
• Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE): A rare but fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system that can occur years after an initial measles infection.

The Role of the MMR Vaccine

The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine is a safe and effective way to protect individuals and communities from these preventable diseases. Introduced in the 1970s, the MMR vaccine has drastically reduced the incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella worldwide.

Safety and Efficacy

Extensive research and monitoring have consistently demonstrated the safety and efficacy of the MMR vaccine. Studies involving millions of doses have found no credible evidence linking the MMR vaccine to autism or other long-term health issues. The benefits of vaccination in preventing disease far outweigh the minimal risks associated with the vaccine.

Immunization Schedules

The CDC recommends that children receive two doses of the MMR vaccine:

1. First Dose: At 12 through 15 months of age.
2. Second Dose: At 4 through 6 years of age.

For adults who have not been vaccinated or lack evidence of immunity, particularly those traveling internationally or in outbreak areas, vaccination is also advised.

Consequences of Vaccination Hesitancy

The decline in vaccination rates has been attributed to various factors, including misinformation, fear of side effects, and complacency. This hesitancy poses significant risks:

Increased Vulnerability

Lower vaccination rates weaken community immunity, making it easier for measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases to spread. Vulnerable populations, such as infants, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals, are at heightened risk during outbreaks.

Economic Burden

Outbreaks lead to increased healthcare costs, including hospitalizations, medical treatments, and public health interventions. Additionally, there are indirect costs related to lost productivity and the economic impact on families and communities.

Strain on Healthcare Systems

Managing outbreaks requires substantial resources, diverting attention and funding from other essential healthcare services. This strain can compromise overall public health infrastructure and response capabilities.

Recent Measles Outbreaks: A Wake-Up Call

In the past decade, several regions have experienced measles outbreaks, primarily in areas with low vaccination coverage. These outbreaks serve as stark reminders of the importance of maintaining high vaccination rates.

Case Study: 2025 Multi-State Measles Outbreak

You’ve heard of course of the measles outbreak in West Texas that has now spread to New Mexico, California, Alaska, Georgia, Kentucky, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Florida.

The outbreak was started with one adult who was unvaccinated and returned from foreign travel to a Mennonite community in West Texas that remains unvaccinated.  There have been two deaths as of 3/11/25 and over 200 cases to date.

We had 4 measles outbreaks in 2023, 16 outbreaks in 2024, and by February of 2025, just two months in, there have been 3 outbreaks.  We are on track to have more outbreaks than 2023 and 2024 combined, given low vaccination rates.  Measles outbreaks do not have to happen.  They happen when we are not vaccinated.

We will also discuss how vaccination programs work in our 50 States, and the concern about future funding as CDC programs are cut.  States have no resources to fund vaccination managers and vaccines without federal funding.  I’ll also ask about flu preparedness for 2025 as flu is a recurring and deadly disease.

Global Implications

Measles outbreaks are not confined to one region; they often have global implications due to international travel. An outbreak in one country can quickly spread to others, emphasizing the need for global vaccination efforts.

Building Community Immunity

Community immunity, or herd immunity, occurs when a significant portion of the population is immune to a disease, thereby providing indirect protection to those who are not immune. Achieving herd immunity for measles requires about 95% of the population to be vaccinated.

Benefits of Herd Immunity

• Protection for Vulnerable Individuals: Those who cannot be vaccinated due to medical conditions benefit from reduced exposure.
• Prevention of Disease Spread: Limits the opportunities for the virus to circulate and mutate.
• Economic Advantages: Reduces healthcare costs and minimizes disruptions caused by outbreaks.

Strategies to Enhance Vaccination Rates

1. Public Education Campaigns: Disseminate accurate information about the benefits and safety of vaccines to counteract misinformation.
2. Accessible Vaccination Services: Ensure vaccines are readily available and affordable to all segments of the population.
3. Policy Interventions: Implement mandatory vaccination policies for school entry and other community activities.
4. Healthcare Provider Engagement: Encourage healthcare professionals to advocate for and administer vaccines effectively.

Addressing Common Concerns and Misinformation

Misinformation about vaccines has proliferated, particularly through social media platforms. Addressing common concerns is essential in fostering trust and encouraging vaccination.

Debunking Myths

• • • Myth: The MMR vaccine causes autism.

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Fact:

• Multiple studies have found no link between the MMR vaccine and autism. The original study that suggested this connection has been thoroughly discredited and retracted.

• • • Myth: Vaccines contain harmful ingredients.

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Fact:

• • • Vaccines contain ingredients that are necessary for their efficacy and safety. These ingredients are present in very small, safe amounts and are rigorously tested.
    • Myth: Natural immunity is better than vaccine-induced immunity.

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Fact:

While natural infection can provide immunity, it comes with the risk of severe complications and death. Vaccine-induced immunity is safe and effective without the associated risks.

Transparent Communication

Healthcare providers and public health officials need to communicate transparently and empathetically, addressing concerns and providing evidence-based information. Building trust is paramount in encouraging individuals to make informed decisions about vaccination.

The Future of Vaccination and Public Health

Advancements in vaccine technology and public health strategies continue to enhance our ability to prevent and control infectious diseases. The fight against measles is a testament to the effectiveness of coordinated vaccination efforts.

Innovations in Vaccine Development

Modern vaccine research focuses on improving efficacy, reducing the number of required doses, and increasing accessibility. Innovations such as combination vaccines aim to streamline immunization schedules and improve compliance.

Strengthening Public Health Infrastructure

Robust public health infrastructure is crucial for monitoring vaccination rates, detecting outbreaks early, and implementing swift responses. Investments in healthcare systems ensure that vaccination programs are sustained and effective.

Global Collaboration

International cooperation is essential in combating measles globally. Supporting vaccination efforts in low-income countries through funding, training, and resource allocation helps prevent the spread of measles across borders.

Taking Action: Get Vaccinated Today

The resurgence of measles in certain areas is a clear warning of the consequences of complacency. Vaccination is a simple, effective, and safe way to protect yourself and your community from preventable diseases.

How to Get Vaccinated

1. Consult Your Healthcare Provider: Discuss your vaccination history and determine the need for the MMR vaccine.
2. Find a Vaccination Site: Vaccines are widely available through healthcare providers, clinics, and public health departments.
3. Stay Informed: Keep abreast of public health recommendations and remain compliant with vaccination schedules.

Encouraging Others

• Share Accurate Information: Help dispel myths by sharing credible sources and evidence-based facts about vaccines.
• Lead by Example: Get vaccinated and encourage family and friends to do the same.
• Support Vaccination Policies: Advocate for policies that promote high vaccination rates in your community.

Conclusion

Vaccines are one of the most effective tools in public health, providing protection against deadly and highly contagious diseases like measles. The MMR vaccine, in particular, has been instrumental in controlling measles outbreaks and preventing widespread vulnerability. However, the resurgence of measles in certain regions serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of declining vaccination rates.

By embracing vaccination, addressing misinformation, and strengthening public health initiatives, we can ensure that communities remain safe and resilient against preventable diseases. The path to a healthier future is clear: get vaccinated, encourage others to do the same, and stand together in the fight against measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases.

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Additional Resources

For more information on the MMR vaccine and measles prevention, visit the following trusted resources:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• Immunization Action Coalition

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Maintaining high vaccination rates is a collective responsibility that benefits everyone. By staying informed, proactive, and supportive of vaccination initiatives, we can overcome the challenges posed by measles and ensure a healthier, safer future for all.

Call to Action

Get Vaccinated today and keep vaccinations up to date.